Oboda - St. Theodore (South Church)

Columns and piers: 

There were twenty three columns in the basilica and in the atrium, comprised from lathe-made drums (with the hole for the dowel). This general quantity includes pairs of columns, incorporated into the western and eastern walls of the basilica, so that half-columns were flanking the main apse and the main doorway. Two columns were also incorporated into the wall of the later built room in the southern aisle of the atrium. The colonnades were placed on the stylobata. In the atrium the northern and eastern stylobata were two-stepped. Also two smaller columns flanked the central entrance into the atrium from the western side, but they were almost completely incorporated into the wall masonry. Of the columns only the lower drums of two columns were still in situ in the atrium (the best preserved is the northwestern corner), while the others were found scattered. The columns are of two main magnitudes and two qualities of limestone. The column drums which are 0.60 m. in diameter were made of very hard limestone of quality A. The drums have smooth margins all around and a roughened surface. Nabatean masons' marks were observed on some of them, so they were definitely spolia from the Nabatean temple of Obodas (?). The other column drums are smaller and reached 0.50 m. in diameter (all the columns of the naos). They were carved from softer limestone. In the northern portico there is a small rectangular structure (1.10 x 1.70 m.), one stone wide. Probably, it belonged to the original phase of the church, and could be the same as the rectangular frame with a column in it in the atrium of the North Church at Sobata (marked the site of a stylite's column?)

Columns and piers materials: 
Limestone
Columns: 
Typology
Columns and piers: 
Comprised of drums
Bases and pedestals: 

Columns of the atrium were leaning at the stylobate without bases, though some of the lower drums are outlined with the lathe-made small strips. The columns of the naos were placed on plinths averaging 0.30 m. high and on a stylobate. The bases were carved on the lathe and comprise two tori of almost the identical diameters with scotia between them (Pseudo-, or quasi-Attic style). Half-columns of the naos lacked the bases and the plinths.

Typology
Bases: 
Lathe-made horizontal moldings/strips
Bases and pedestals materials: 
Limestone
Bases: 
Capitals: 

The single column capital found in the atrium. It was carved from soft limestone (at the Photo 185 the broken capital is lying on the steps). More one capital was found in the debris of the basilica. The echinus is decorated by a double wreath of olive leaves, or, more precisely, by a herringbone pattern. The capital was carved from a hard limestone. Restored in the western portico. Three Pseudo-Doric capitals were found in the basilica also carved at the lathe. Their decoration comprised two tori, separated by the plain surface in the upper part and several plain moldings, from wider to narrower in the lower. Added with the incised strips here and there. No capital identical to the other.

Capitals materials: 
Limestone
Capitals: 
Typology
Order: 
Doric
Lathe-made horizontal moldings/strips
Components of entablatures, arches and apses: 

Two identical niches were built in the northern and southern walls in the atrium (eastern aisle). These were 1.40 m. high to the tip of the arcuated top, 0.50 m. wide, and 0.60 m. deep. The arcuated top was made of voussoir stones decorated by a dog-tooth pattern. Arched voussoirs were found in the debris in the nave. Decorated by dog tooth pattern and crossed lines, and lines of red paint. Possibly from the main arch of the apse. A triglyph stone was found reused in the room 4 (a part of the church/monastery complex). For il-s see section "other".

Typology
Components: 
Voussoir
Materials of components of entablatures, arches and apses: 
Limestone
Pilaster caps and bases: 

The capitals of the main entrance into the basilica decorated the pilasters. There Nabatean spolia and can be classified to the Type B (according to Patrich 1996). There are of a plain form, with two articulated corner "horns", supported by the attached leaflets. The lower part of the capitals is adorned with the simple horizontal molding. The bases of these doorposts were decorated by a series of horizontal moldings, projecting 2.5 cm. and forming a pyramidal figure (later covered by the benches). The door leading to the room 9 (part of the church/monastery complex) was adorned with the pilaster, decorated with the lattice of geometrical crosses. Also seven other doorpost capitals were found scattered or in the basilica, or in the atrium. They were decorated in a various way: no.3001 by a bird in high relief; no.3002 by a cross between palmettes, horizontal strips and dog-tooth pattern in the lower part; no. 3004 by a twelve-spiked wheel or a rosette with fine petals, flanked by the stylized palmettes at the 'horns'; no. 3005 by a lattice of crosses; no. 3007 plain, with horizontal moldings in the lower part; no.3010 by a herringbone pattern; no.3049 by palmettes in the corners, herringbone, and dogtooth at the bottom

Pilaster caps materials: 
Limestone
Pilaster caps and bases: 
Typology
Pilaster caps and bases: 
Truncated pyramid (Nabatean type): with relief/painted decoration
blocked-out Corinthian

lintels, jambs, thresholds

Lintels, jambs, thresholds: 

The entrance in the southeastern corner of the atrium was the most elaborately made, distinguishing it from the others which are simple openings. It was decorated with the lintel with the relief swastika (or crux gemmata) in the center of it. On the interior side the door was supported by a heavy, quarter-rounded doorpost, built against the original rectangular northern doorpost, and by a rectangular heavy pier supporting the southern doorpost. This arrangement enabled the outer entrance of the atrium to be closed by wooden doors on both sides. Three entrances leaded into the basilica. The lateral ones were built of plain ashlars. The main entrance is outstanding. The section of the wall into which it was incorporated is of special quality: it's laid with large hard limestone blocks, used in Oboda only in the Nabatean period. The decorated doorposts, the doorpost bases, and the capitals were carved from a softer limestone, more easily worked by the claw chisel (the traces are still visible). The doorposts were carved from the walls in such a manner, that they looked as flat pilasters with the thick band-like edge. Nearby these pilasters there were a larger blocks of stone (second course from the bottom) decorated with the marvelous Maltese crosses, with the triangles between the arms and flanked by the decorative columns (southern block). Repeated the decoration of the chancel panels. More one lintel was found in the debris of the atrium. It is decorated in low relief, with three concentric circles, with a six petaled rosette in the central and with a twelve-petaled, corrugated rosettes (spoked-wheels) in the lateral ones. The rosettes are linked by a tendril with leaves. Lintel found in the room to the west of the basilica was crudely carved with the cross and a four-legged animal to the right (a lion?). Probably. it was a work of one of the occupants (monk ?) of rooms.

Typology
Lintels, jambs, thresholds: 
Lintels
Jambs
Thresholds
Central pattern on lintel: 
Medallion
Cross
Lateral patterns: 
Spoke-wheel
Floral
Zoomorphic
Materials of lintels, jambs, thresholds: 
Limestone
Lintels and jambs: 
Chancel screen posts: 

There were eleven screen posts on the T-shaped altar screen, with three entrances (the main and two lateral ones). Two easternmost columns of the main colonnades were also used as the chancel posts with the lateral slots for the panels. The posts of the central section of the screen were carved from greyish marble, but only their small pieces were found to the north of the church. Only two marble chancel posts were preserved (found in the debris in the church, restored as part of the chancel screen in the northern room, one of them bears a name of the donor). The posts of the lateral sections of the screen were carved from medium-hard limestone and due to this most of them were preserved. All the posts are decorated in the traditional manner, with several rectangular frames, one inside the other, and adorned by the globular tops, and, probably, with the colonnette of the second tier. The lateral sides have the slots for the panels.

Chancel screen post was found in situ in the southern room of the sanctuary (Negev 1981: 28, no. 15). Frontal side was decorated with rectangular profiles, one inside the other. At the top - remains of the base are traceable. 

Typology
Types: 
two-storied (with a colonnette)
with a globular top
Decorations: 
Grooved and molded frames
Chancel Screen posts materials: 
Limestone
Marble
Chancel Screen posts: 
Chancel screen plates: 

There were at least nine chancel panels in the screen. Most probably, the central section was decorated with the marble items, but none of them was preserved. But the lateral sections were bordered with the limestone panels, all of them are preserved and restored: two in the northern side and two in the southern. Their decoration is similar, but not completely identical. All of them have a Maltese cross in the center, encircled into the wreath with the herringbone pattern. The left-hand panel of the northern room is adorned also by the small "nail-heads" in the spaces between the cross arms (bars). The right-hand panel of the same room is the most plain and hasn't any ancillary motifs. The right-hand panel of the southern room is added by stylized palm trees connected at the bottom by a vine trellis, from which are suspended bunches of grapes. The left-hand panel of the same room the cross is adorned with "nail-heads" and flanked by two slender palm trees.

Fragment of the marble chancel screen panel with profiled frames and relief Maltese cross (Negev 1981: 38, no. 31, Ph. 31)

Typology
Types: 
Blind
Decoration (Central motif): 
Greek/Latin cross within laurel wreath
Chancel Screen plates materials: 
Limestone
Marble
Chancel Screen plates: 
Altar legs: 

Behind the southern chancel screen, at a distance of approximately 0.30 m., there is a socket in the floor for the leg of a small altar table.

Typology
Altar legs: 
Non specified type
Altar legs Materials: 
Marble
Altar legs: 
Altar plates: 
The fragments of the altar table were found in the room to the south of the apse. The table was carved from greyish marble (0.65 x 1.16 m.). Its plain surface was framed by the two moldings at the edges, with the rounded cavity with the hole in the very center (for the cross). In each of the four corners of the sunken part is a hole, either for the nails for the legs, or for the ciborium, or for both. Fragment of the altar table plate with the profiled borders, sunken central field and Greek inscription (Negev 1981: 39, no. 32, Photo 32) Section "basins" (Negev 1997:143, Photo 221): a round plate, attributed by excavators as paten, was, most probably, round table plate.
Typology
Type: 
Round (orbis)
Rectangular (angulus)
Decoration: 
with molded edges
Altar plates (mensae) materials: 
Marble
Altar plates (mensae): 
Ambo members: 

The ambo is located to the northwest of the altar. The base of the ambo is preserved. It is a circular structure (1.20 m. D.), laid of ten semicirclar (shape of keystone) stones around the circular core-stone. On some of the stones the grooves from nails are seen, probably, by them the wooden legs of the pulpit were attached.

Typology
Ambo members: 
Lower base other
Ambo materials: 
Limestone
Ambo: 
Decorative reliefs: 

Building block found in the debris of the atrium. It was decorated in high relief with a six-petaled rosette enclosed within a circle, flanked on both sides with a vertical rows of diagonal crosses (X-shape). Two blocks decorated with crux immissa were found in the debris in the basilica. Building blocks were found, marked by crossed lines of red paint.

Decorative reliefs materials: 
Limestone
Decorative reliefs: 
Pavement: 

The entire floor of the basilica is paved with small stone slabs, with a row of larger slabs along the axis of the building (drainage?). The floor of the basilica is 0.45 m. higher than that of the atrium. Several burials of the 6th and 7th centuries were found in the church, covered with the greyish marble or limestone panels, with the inscriptions.

Typology
Pavement: 
Slabs
Pavement materials: 
Limestone
Marble
Pavement: 
Revetment plates: 

In the lateral rooms the traces of the marble revetment are preserved.

Typology
Revetment: 
Marble slabs
Revetment plates materials: 
Marble
Revetment plates: 
Basins: 

In the northwestern corner of the atrium a stone basin was found. It could have been placed there during modifications carried out in the atrium, when a storage installation was built of good ashlars in secondary use in the opposite southwestern corner. Below the floor of the room 3 (a part of the church/monastery complex) there was a large circular basin topped by a large, heavy circular cover with a small rectangular opening in its center. In the southern room of the church fragments of a large marble plate (paten) were found (the reconstructed diameter is 0.63 m.). It has a raised molded border and a sunken central part.

Typology
Basins: 
Paten
Basins materials: 
Limestone
Basins: 
Liturgical objects materials: 
Limestone
Liturgical objects: 
The receptacles for the holy relics are arranged in both lateral niches (ca. 0.45 m. wide, 0.60 m. long, and 0.30 m. deep). Both the rooms flanking the main apse were dedicated to the cult of martyrs. In the southern room of the church a small limestone reliquary containing two compartments with a small cavity for oil in the corner of each was found.
Liturgical objects: 
Other: 
Bibliography: