ʻArrâba - Church

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Church Name, type, function
Site Name: 
ʻArrâba
Identification: 
'Arrabeh; ʿArrabet al Baṭṭuf. Ancient Γάβαρα, Γαβαρώθ. The Jewish village in the Lower Galilee, which in the 4th century belonged to the diocese of Diocaesarea. The church is attributed to thelate 5th or early 6th century CE.
Church name: 
Church
Dedication: 
Unknown
Functional Type: 
Unknown
Church type: 
Chapel
Location
Coordinates, ITM system: 
232,253.00
750,721.00
Coordinates, ICS system: 
182.00
250.00
Location: 
Village/Town
Geographical region: 
Lower Galilee
Distance from nearest settlement: 
in modern Arrabeh in the Galilee, 20 km north from Nazareth
Distance from Roman roads: 
ca. 10 km to the north from the road, connecting Tiberias with Acre, ca. 10 km to the south from the road, connecting the north of Sea of Galilee with Acre
Provincial affiliation: 
Palaestina II
Bishopric: 
Sepphoris
Source of knowledge
Literary sources
Archaeological remains
Surveyed site
Surveyors: 
NameDate
Guerin
1860s
Conder and Kitchener
1880s
Bagatti
1960-70s
Tzaferis
1968
Excavated site
Excavators: 
NameDate
Tzaferis
1968
General description
State of preservation/which parts were uncovered: 

There were at least three Early Byzantine churches in Arraba.

According to Guerin (repeated by Dauphin, by Bagatti), the mosque of the modern village was built over the remains of this Byzantine church. Authors mentioned two monolith limestone columns reused in the mosque that replaced the church, hence the church might have been basilical. Two marble colonnettes were also recorded incorporated in a wall of a house, as well as an underground cistern under the mosque. 

Another chapel was uncovered during the building of the house by Yussef Kuri, a local Christian (Tzaferis 1969, 1970; Ovadiah 1970; Biran 1969). According to Bagatti, it was almost completely destroyed by the contruction of the new house, which is standing now over it. Mainly by the remains of the mosaics were uncovered. The chapel, 5.5x7 m; dimensions had  a square apse (5.5 x 3.5 m). The chancel screen, with a central passage, was resting on a low stylobate. Five steps were leading to a underground crypt, built under the bema.Tzaferis described mainly the mosaics and interpreted the inscription, found on it.

According to Tzaferis two other mosaic pavements were excavated in the village in 1968. They belong to the nave and chancel of a Byzantine church apparently dated to the 6th century. The mosaic in the nave consisted of a margin and a simple border; the field comprised of concentric circles, with lozenges in between. A round medallion in the nave was contained a Greek inscription that begins with an invocation to God the Father, Jesus and the Holy Spirit, and ends with the name of Bishop Gregorius (in whose time the church was built), including a date" (Tzaferis 1971: XVIII). The mosaic in the chancel had geometric motifs of large and small squares, with small crosses within the latter.

A third Early Christian church might have existed under the modern Catholic church. According to Bagatti, it was restored in 1960s. Earlier he observed there remains of mosaic floors and a lintel with the cross and other decorated architectural details reused in the renovated church. A stucco detail he had published seems to be medieval, rather than Early Christian. 

 

Description
Illustrative material: 
Lateral walls: 

The walls were destroyed

Nave: 

Dimensions of the hall: 5.5x7 m

Bema, chancel screen and apse: 

 Dimensions of the square apse: 5.5 x 3.5 m

Crypt: See in the Detailed Description, crypt
Small finds
Small finds: 
CategoryDescription
Inscription - see under epigraphy
14-lines Greek inscription, of which only 5 lines had survived.
Detailed description
Structure
Orientation: 
Facing east
Materials applied (walls): 
Limestone
Water cistern: 
Yes
Central Apse Category: 
quadrangular
Bema type: 
Transversal
Crypt
Accessibility and description: 
Five steps were leading down to a crypt installed under the bema.
Architectural Evolution
Phase name (as published): 
Byzantine
General outline: 
According to the Greek inscription mentioning a bishop named Gregorius, and dated to the 13th indiction, the church might be dated to 504, 519, 534, 549, 564, 579, 594, but most probably to the first half of the 6th century CE.
Dating material: 

Epigraphy

Phase date
Century: 
6th c.
Within century: 
First half
Phase name (as published): 
Byzantine
General outline: 
The church was deserted already in the later 6th century CE.
Phase date
Century: 
6th c.
Within century: 
Late
Post Arab conquest history: 
Abandoned
Conclusions: 
The site might have been dedicated to Jacob, the brother of Christ.